Background: Healthcare-associated INFECTIONs such as NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs (NI) are important causes of mortality worldwide. Objectives: In this study we evaluated the NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs terms of microbiology (resistance, culturing, etc.) in a referral pediatric hospital based on NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM.Patients and Methods: In an epidemiological SURVEILLANCE study during a 14 month-period, patients who had no INFECTION or not been in incubation period at the admission time, but had positive culture after the third day of admission, were defined as a case of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION. Characteristics and features of each INFECTION were coded and classified.Results: The total number of hospitalized patients was 7730 and the total number of hospitalized days was 30147 days. The mean age of 103 patients with NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION was 21.59±3.87 months and the average duration of hospital stay was 25.53 ±17.63 days. The incidence of NI was 1.33 per 100 hospital discharges and 0.34 per 100 hospital days. The incidence of NI was 1.33 INFECTIONs per 100 hospital discharges and 0.34 INFECTION per 100 hospital days. The most frequently isolated organisms included coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Serratia, yeast, E. coli and Pseudomonas respectively. The frequency of antimicrobial resistant isolated organisms was high. Half of isolated S. aureus were Methicillin resistant. Klebsiella was resistant to third generation Cephalosporins in 87%, against aminoglicosides in 80%, and against Imipenem in 52%.100% of isolated pseudomonas were resistant to third generation Cephalosporins and Imipenem.27 cases (of 103 cases) (26.2%) expired with the diagnosis of NI. Conclusions: Increasing frequency of anti-microbial resistant isolates emphasizes the necessity for bacteriological monitoring of hospitalized children.

Introduction: Identifying and reporting NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs are at the center of attention of healthcare. The present study was carried out to study the problems of the NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM ((NNIS)).Methods: This mixed (Qualitative- Quantitative) descriptive study was performed in 2011. In the qualitative section, after a semi- structured interview, a questionnaire was designed and its validity was approved using experts’ opinion technique. The study population of the quantitative section included all hospitals in Tabriz and the samples consisted on 77 members of the hospitals’ INFECTION Control Committees, selected by means of 2-stage cluster sampling method. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis technique and Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods using SPSS 17 Software.Results: The incidence of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs reported according to the (NNIS) SYSTEM was 0.56% showing low report of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs which have resulted from lack of commitment of some physicians to documentation and reporting of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION symptoms, lack of their active participation in INFECTION Control Committees, lack of appropriate validation SYSTEM to identify problems, and lack of post-discharge follow up SYSTEM for operated patients.Conclusion: To solve the problems of NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM and help produce accurate reporting of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs, hospital INFECTION control committee should play an active role by supporting senior management and greater participation of INFECTION control practitioners. To solve the problems above, re-evaluation of the reporting process is recommended.

Background: NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION is a serious health and financial problem.The purpose. of this study was to determine the extra hospital , stay attributable to NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION, sin surgical patients.Materials and Methods: All surgical patients admitted during February 20, 2000 to February 19,2001, to the 38 beds general surgery ward within a university hospital in Shiraz, Iran were included in this study. The study was planned as a pair wise matched case-control study nested in cohort design. A case was defined as any patient with one of four of the following NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs: Urinary tract INFECTION (UTI), surgical site INFECTION (SSI), blood stream INFECTION (B.SI) and pneumonia (PNEU), whereby definitions for the NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs were based on NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE ((NNIS)) SYSTEM definitions. For each case, an appropriate match was selected, which resulted in 69 pairs of study patients. Results: In total, during the study period, the incidence of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION during the study period was 17.59%. The mean extra length of hospitalizationdue to all major kinds of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs was 6.62 days totally, which was obtained 4.4, 5.33, 8.73 and 9.2 extra days for UTI, PNEU, SSI and BSI respectively. Conclusion: NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs add cOlisiderable costs to the health care SYSTEM in Iran, therefore developing strategies, concepts to reduce the incidence of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs are cost-effective and warrant, and an appropriate SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM based on interNATIONAL criteria is the cornerstone for this task.

Background: Hospital- Acquired INFECTIONs (HAIs) are a major public health problem that occur among about 10% of hospitalized patients. HAIs increase mortality and morbidity and prolonged hospital stay not to mention considerable costs they impose on the health care SYSTEM. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the prevalence of HAIs based on NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM in hospitals of Mashhad, Iran.Methods: The current prevalence study of HAI was carried out in 26 hospitals using a protocol updated yearly in Mashhad, Iran. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONs SURVEILLANCE were used to define four HAIs. All patients admitted to the hospitals during a one-year period (March 1, 2015-February 30, 2016) were recruited in the study. Data was extracted using Iranian NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE software.Results: The overall prevalence rate of HAI in our study was 0.8% among the hospitals with the most frequent HAIs found to be pneumonia (25%), followed by urinary tract INFECTIONs (20%), and blood stream INFECTIONs (19%). The highest prevalence rate was observed in 15- to 65-year old patients with more than 50% related to surgical site INFECTION. Also, the most frequently isolated micro- organism was acinetobacter. In addition, the highest seasonal prevalence was seen in winter with pneumonia as the most frequent INFECTION. A total of 4988 pathogens were isolated with 30.33% of clinical confirmation and 69.66% of positive culture.Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need for appropriate measures for prevention, screening, labeling, and isolation precautions for infected patients.

Background and Objectives: This article provides an overview of the NATIONAL NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM in Iran and its current status, achievements, and challenges. Methods: All relevant reports, documents, and program guidelines, as well as published literature and SURVEILLANCE data related to the NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM in Iran were critically reviewed. Opinions of the key informants at local and governmental levels were also reviewed. Results: The program was launched in 2006 covering 100 volunteer hospitals. Since 2016, participation in the program is obligatory, leading to the participation of 555 hospitals with >100 beds (56%). Major data collected in the program include demographic characteristics, INFECTIONs and related risk factors, pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance, and patient outcome. Recently, device-associated INFECTION rates are also calculated in the program. Since its establishment in 2006, the program has improved in terms of case finding and coverage. Implementation of the program has also had positive impacts on the stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude, and practice. Conclusion: Although the number of identified cases and program coverage have improved, a considerable proportion of the infected cases still remain undiagnosed. Implementation of the program has also improved the stakeholders’ awareness, attitude and practice. The program faces a number of challenges, including lack of appropriate scientific support from academics and executive issues. Integration of active and sentinel SURVEILLANCE in selected hospitals, persuasion of physicians to actively participate in the program, and conducting incidence and prevalence surveys would help the program to better detect NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION cases.